Fully differential, high Q, on-chip, impedance matching section

ABSTRACT

An inductor circuit is disclosed. The inductor circuit includes a first in-silicon inductor and a second in-silicon inductor each having multiple turns. A portion of the multiple turns of the second in-silicon inductor is formed between turns of the first in-silicon inductor. The first and second in-silicon inductors are configured such that a differential current flowing through the first in-silicon inductor and the second in-silicon inductor flows in a same direction in corresponding turns of inductors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/360,068, filed Jan. 26, 2009, which will issue as U.S. Pat. No.7,911,310 on Mar. 22, 2011, which is a Continuation of U.S. applicationSer. No. 11/504,073, filed on Aug. 15, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No.7,489,221, issued on Feb. 10, 2009, which is a Continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/623,084, filed on Jul. 17, 2003, now U.S. Pat.No. 7,095,307, issued on Aug. 22, 2006, all of which are incorporated byreference herein its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to impedance matching and impedancetransformation, and more particularly to differential impedance matchingand transformation.

2. Background Art

Impedance matching circuits generally are utilized to efficientlytransfer energy at a junction point where electronic circuits havingdifferent characteristic impedances are connected to each other. This isaccomplished by rendering the impedances seen on either side of thejunction point identical, that is, to match line impedances and loadimpedances of the circuits.

Such line impedance matching is necessary not only for a wire terminalbut also for a wireless terminal, wherein the impedances are matched at50, 75 and 100 Ohms according to convention and the characteristics ofthe antenna and transmission lines. For example, radio frequency (RF)circuits often utilize a low noise amplifier (LNA) to amplify a receivedsignal without adding significant noise. The performance of the LNAdepends on the impedance of the circuit coupled to the LNA input.Generally, an LNA is designed to perform optimally while also providinga good impedance match. However, when the impedance is not matched, theperformance, such as output power, efficiency, linearity, etc., of theLNA is degraded, as illustrated in FIG. 1.

FIG. 1 shows a prior art RF receiver chain 100 wherein signal reductionis experienced through mismatched impedances. The prior art RF receiverchain 100 includes an antenna 102, which provides a signal to an LNA viaan LNA interface 106. The LNA is the first component in the receiverchain 100 to process incoming signals, after the antenna 102 and an RFfilter. In order to keep the system sensitivity high, the LNA shouldreceive as much of the signal as possible, which requires the LNAimpedance to be matched to the antenna 102 impedance.

For example, in FIG. 1, the antenna 102 impedance is 50 Ohms. If the LNAimpedance does not match the antenna 102 impedance of 50 Ohms, part ofthe signal 110 will “bounce” off and radiate back out of the antenna102. As a result, the signal transfer 108 will be reduced and emissionsproblems may occur if the reflection is too large.

Hence, components are often added between the LNA and the antenna 102 toensure that the impedances of the LNA and the antenna 102 match, asillustrated in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an RF receivercircuit 200 utilizing discrete components. In particular, the RFreceiver circuit 200 includes an antenna 102 coupled to an RF filtercircuit 202. The RF filter circuit 202 includes a balun to provide adifferential input to a discrete match circuit 204, which provides adifferential input to the LNA 206 residing on a chip 208.

The discrete match circuit 204 utilizes discrete components, such asinductors, to match the impedance of the antenna 102 to the LNA 206.Unfortunately, discrete match components add extra cost and occupyvaluable board space. For a differential LNA as illustrated in FIG. 2,two inductors are needed, which further increases the costs and thespace required for the inductors.

In an attempt to reduce costs and save valuable board space, matchinductors have been placed on the chip 208, as shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3is a block diagram showing an RF receiver circuit 300 utilizingin-silicon matching via inductors. Similar to FIG. 2, the RF receivercircuit 300 includes an antenna 102 connected to an RF filter circuit202. However, the RF circuit 300 replaces the discrete match circuit ofFIG. 2 with in-silicon inductors 302, which are incorporated on the chip208 at the input of the LNA 206.

Although the two in-silicon inductors 302 do not occupy board space,unfortunately, the two in-silicon inductors 302 occupy a significantamount of silicon to achieve the required inductance. Also, a loss isassociated with each in-silicon inductor 302, which is proportional tothe metal length.

In view of the forgoing, there is a need for techniques for improvedimpedance matching and transformation. The impedance matching andtransformation techniques should require less area and result in lowerloss, thereby improving the noise figure.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Broadly speaking, the present invention fills these needs by providing afully differential, high-Q, on-chip impedance matching section using aninterleaved differential inductor. In one embodiment, an impedancematching and transforming inductor circuit is disclosed. The impedancematching and transforming inductor circuit includes a first in-siliconinductor and a second in-silicon inductor each having multiple turns. Aportion of the turns of the second in-silicon inductor is formed betweenturns of the first in-silicon inductor. The first and second in-siliconinductors are con-figured such that a differential current flowingthrough the first in-silicon inductor and the second in-silicon inductorflows in the same direction in corresponding turns of inductors.

For example, in one aspect, a portion of the first in-silicon inductorand a portion of the second in-silicon inductor can be formed on a firstmetal layer, such as a top metal layer such as the M6 metal layer.Similarly, a second portion of the first in-silicon inductor and thesecond in-silicon inductor can be formed on a second metal layer. Todecrease resistance, the second portion of the first in-silicon inductorand the second in-silicon inductor can be formed on a second metal layerand a third metal layer. The second metal layer can be below the firstmetal layer and the third metal layer can be below the second metallayer, such as the M5 and M4 metal layers.

A method for making an interleaved inductor is disclosed in anadditional embodiment of the present invention. The interleaved inductorcan be an impedance matching and/or impedance transforming inductor. Themethod includes forming a first in-silicon inductor having multipleturns and creating a second in-silicon inductor also having multipleturns. As above, a portion of the turns of the second in-siliconinductor is formed between turns of the first in-silicon inductor. Inaddition, the inductors are configured such that a differential currentflowing through the first in-silicon inductor and the second in-siliconinductor flows in the same direction in corresponding turns of theinductors.

Similar to above, the method can include forming a first portion of thefirst in-silicon inductor and a first portion of the second in-siliconinductor on a first metal layer, such as the top metal layer or M6 metallayer. Also as above, the method can include forming a second portion ofthe first in-silicon inductor and a second portion of the secondin-silicon inductor on a second metal layer and a third metal layer,such as the M5 and M4 metal layers.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, an interleavedinductor is disclosed. The interleaved inductor includes a firstin-silicon inductor having multiple turns. A portion of the firstin-silicon inductor is formed on a first metal layer, and multipleconnecting sections are formed on a second metal layer. In addition, asecond in-silicon inductor having multiple turns is included. As withthe first inductor, a portion of the second in-silicon inductor isformed on the first metal layer. Further, a portion of the turns of thesecond in-silicon inductor is formed between turns of the firstin-silicon inductor. In this manner, a differential current flowingthrough the first in-silicon inductor and the second in-silicon inductorflows in the same direction in corresponding turns of the firstin-silicon inductor and the second in-silicon inductor. In one aspect,the interleaved impedance matching inductor can be configured such thateach connecting section of the first in-silicon inductor over-laps aportion of the second in-silicon inductor. Correspondingly, eachconnecting section of the second in-silicon inductor can overlap aportion of the first in-silicon inductor.

Embodiments of the present invention take advantage of theelectromagnetic properties of differential inductors to reduce the sizeof the match circuit footprint. That is, because the inductance ishigher in the interleaved differential inductor of the embodiments ofthe present invention, the interleaved differential inductor can have ahigh Q while being made smaller than conventional impedance matchinginductor pairs. Thus, less metal is needed in each differential paththrough the interleave) differential inductor. Since loss is increasedby the amount of metal traversed in a signal path. the interleaveddifferential inductor reduces signal loss. Other aspects and advantagesof the invention will become apparent from the following detaileddescription, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings,illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

The invention, together with further advantages thereof, may best beunderstood by reference to the following description taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows a prior art RF receiver chain wherein signal reduction isexperienced through mismatched impedances;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an RF receiver circuit utilizingdiscrete components;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an RF receiver circuit utilizingin-silicon matching via inductors;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an RF receiver circuit utilizingin-silicon matching via interleaved inductors, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5A is a diagram showing a relationship between magnetic fields andcurrent, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5B is a diagram showing an in-silicon inductor, in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention:

FIG. 6A illustrates components of an exemplary differential signal, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention:

FIG. 6B is a graph showing the exemplary differential signal resultingfrom the component signals in FIG. 6A, in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention; and

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an in-silicon interleaved inductor, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

An invention is disclosed for a fully differential, high-Q, on-chipimpedance matching section. Generally speaking, embodiments of thepresent invention provide impedance matching using an interleaveddifferential inductor. The interleaved differential inductor iscomprised of two inductors, wherein one of the inductors is flippedabout the center axis and interleaved with the other inductor. In thefollowing description, numerous specific details are set forth in orderto provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will beapparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present inventionmay be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In otherinstances, well known process steps have not been described in detail inorder not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.

As discussed above, radio frequency integrated circuits (RF ICs)generally are designed to include inductors for impedance matching. Theinductance and quality factor (Q) of the inductor are decisive factorsfor determining the performance of the matching circuit. It is possibleto realize an integrated inductor, which is formed by integrating aninductor on a substrate. In which case, the performance of theintegrated inductor can be dependent on a substrate onto which theinductor is integrated and the capacitive coupling that is caused by theparasitic capacitance between the metal line for the inductor and thesubstrate. As the parasitic capacitance is increased, Q is reduced,which causes deterioration of the RF IC performance. Additionally, Qwill be reduced due to a magnetically induced image current flowing on alower portion of the substrate and other resistive losses.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an RF receiver circuit 400 utilizingin-silicon matching via interleaved inductors, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. The RF receiver circuit 400includes an antenna 102 coupled to an RF filter circuit 202. Inaddition, the RF circuit 400 includes an in-silicon interleaved inductor402, which is incorporated on the chip 208 and coupled to the LNA 206.Although. FIG. 4 illustrated an RF receiver circuit, it should be bornein mind that the interleaved inductor 402 of the embodiments of thepresent invention can be utilized in any circuit to provide impedancematching and transformation.

Embodiments of the present invention utilized an in-silicon interleaveddifferential inductor 402 to provide impedance matching between theantenna 102 and the LNA 206. As mentioned above, prior art discretematch components have a high component and board area cost. Since thein-silicon interleaved differential inductor 402 is placed on the chip208, the in-silicon interleaved differential inductor 402 saves valuableboard space. By way of example, in two similar component value circuits,where the first circuit has three separate on chip differentialinductors and the second circuit includes interleaved inductors insteadof the three separate on chip differential inductors. The interleavedinductors consumed 25% less space per each inductor pair. A certainamount of space is required to be kept clear around each inductor(whether interleaved or not) so therefore the decreased area of theinterleaved inductors also reduces the amount of clear area requiredaround the interleaved inductor. As a result the interleaved inductorsprovide an overall space savings is about 50% over the separatedifferential inductors. In sum, the interleaved structure of thein-silicon interleaved differential inductor 402 provides a higherdifferential inductance in a much smaller on chip area than required byconventional inductor based impedance matching circuits.

As mentioned above, the LNA 206 receives and operates on a differentialsignal from the RF filter 202. Differential signal paths are utilized inhigh integration chips to reduce the effect of noise on the receivedsignal. For example, if noise enters the signal paths via the substrate,the nature of the differential circuit makes any noise injected in thismanner common mode. As a result, the noise is cancelled out of thesignal.

Embodiments of the present invention take advantage of theelectromagnetic properties of differential inductors to reduce the sizeof the match circuit footprint. FIG. 5A is a diagram showing arelationship between magnetic fields and current, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 5A, passing acurrent 504 through a wire 502 generates magnetic field 506. Inparticular, when the current 504 flows through the wire in a direction“A” as shown in FIG. 5A, a magnetic field 506 is generated in a“clockwise” direction as viewed from “B.”

FIG. 5B is a diagram showing an in-silicon inductor 550, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention. Similar to above, thein-silicon inductor 550 generates a magnetic field when current 504flows through the spiral wire 502 that comprises the in-silicon inductor550. As indicated by the arrows in FIG. 5B, the inductor 550 isconfigured such that current flows in a single direction on each side ofthe inductor 550. As a result, the magnetic fields generated by eachwire turn are added to each other on each side of the inductor 550. Inthis manner, the spiral wire 502 creates an inductor when current isapplied to it.

As mentioned above, embodiments of the present invention operate on adifferential signal. FIG. 6A illustrates components of an exemplarydifferential signal 600, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. The differential signal 600 is illustrated using two graphs602 a and 6026, which illustrate two exemplary signal paths for thedifferential signal 600. As can be seen in FIG. 6A, the signal pathscomprising the differential signal 600 are opposites of each other. Forexample, when the signal path 602 a is high, as illustrated by point 604a, the corresponding point 604 h of signal path 602 b is low. However,when signal path 602 a is zero, signal path 602 b also is zero, asillustrated by points 606 a and 606 b.

The difference of the individual signal paths 602 a and 602 b comprisethe actual differential signal, as illustrated in FIG. 6B. FIG. 613 is agraph 650 showing the exemplary differential signal resulting from thecomponent signals 600 in FIG. 6A, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention. As can be seen, the differential signal 650 isactually twice as large as the component signals 600 in FIG. 6A. Forexample, if the amplitude of point 604 a is x and the amplitude of point6046 is −x, the corresponding point 654 on the differential signal 650will have an amplitude of 2x. In addition, as mentioned above, noiseexperienced on the differential components 600 is cancelled out in theactual differential signal 650. As can be appreciated, when x=0, 2x−O asillustrated by point 656 on FIG. 6B.

As illustrated in FIG. 6A, at any given time the signals are flowing inopposite directions of each other. The embodiments of the presentinvention utilize this property of the differential signal to generateincreased inductance utilizing an interleaved inductor, as illustratedin FIG. 7.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an in-silicon interleaved inductor 700, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The in-siliconinterleaved inductor 700 comprises two inductors 702 a and 702 binterleaved with each other. The inductors 702 a and 702 b areconfigured such that a differential signal flowing through the inductors702 a and 702 b generates additive magnetic fields.

In particular, to create the interleaved differential inductor 700, oneof the two identical inductors 702 a and 702 b is flipped about thecenter axis. In addition, the turns of the flipped inductor are insertedbetween the turns of the other inductor. In this manner, all thedifferential currents in adjacent segments move in the same direction.As a result, a higher inductance is achieved in a much smaller spacethan that required by prior art impedance matching inductor pairs.

For example, in FIG. 7, the inductors 702 a and 702 b are interleavedusing separate connecting sections 704. As will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art, the connecting sections 704 allow one inductor tooverlap the other inductor. In one embodiment the inductors 702 a and702 b are created using three metal layers. For example, the main areaon each inductor 702 a and 702 b can be created on the M6 metal layer.The connecting sections 704 can be created, for example, on the M5 metallayer, and the output sections 706 of the inductors 702 a and 702 b canbe created on the M4 metal layer.

To reduce resistance, one embodiment utilizes two metal layers forconnecting sections 704. When a metal path has a particular resistanceR, placing a second metal path next to, and in parallel with, the firstmetal path will result in a lower overall resistance along that signalpath. Hence, one embodiment of the present invention stacks two metallayers on top of each other to create the connecting sections 704. Forexample, each connecting section 704 can be created using the M4 and M5metal layers. In this manner, total overall resistance can be reduced.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a differentialcurrent includes two signal paths traveling on opposite directions. Forexample, in FIG. 7, inductor 702 a has a current flowing through it in adirection indicated by the arrows along the inductor 702 a. Similarly,inductor 702 b has a current flowing through it in a direction oppositethat of inductor 702 a indicated by the arrows along the inductor 702 b.By interleaving the two inductors 702 a and 702 b, the opposite currentsflow in the same direction on each side of the in-silicon interleavedinductor 700 as illustrated by the arrows along the sides of theinterleaved inductor 700.

As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the measure ofinductor performance is called the quality factor or “Q.” Q is definedas Im(Z)/Re(Z), where Im(Z) is the imaginary part of the impedance of aninductor and Re(Z) is the real or resistive part of the impedance of aninductor. Generally, Im(Z) represents the inductance minus thecapacitance of the inductor structure, while Re(Z) represents a valuedetermined by the sum of the structure's resistive losses.

The value of Q varies with the frequency of the electrical signal beingcarried in the metal spiral of the interleaved inductor 700. A highperforming inductor has a high Q when it has an impedance with a highimaginary part and a low real part. Because the inductance is higher inthe interleaved differential inductor 700, the interleaved differentialinductor 700 can have a high Q while being made smaller thanconventional impedance matching inductor pairs. Thus, less metal isneeded in each differential path through the inter-; leaved differentialinductor 700. Since loss is increased by the amount of metal traversedin a signal path, the inter-leaved differential inductor 700 reducessignal loss.

The present invention may be implemented using any type of integratedcircuit logic, state machines, or software driven computer-implementedoperations. By way of example, a hardware description language (HDL)based design and synthesis program may be used to design thesilicon-level circuitry necessary to appropriately perform the data andcontrol operations in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

The invention may employ various computer-implemented operationsinvolving data stored in computer systems. These operations are thoserequiring physical manipulation of physical quantities. Usually, thoughnot necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical ormagnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined,compared, and otherwise manipulated. Further, the manipulationsperformed are often referred to in terms, such as producing,identifying, determining, or comparing.

Any of the operations described herein that form part of the inventionare useful machine operations. The invention also relates to a device oran apparatus for performing these operations. The apparatus may bespecially constructed for the required purposes, or it may be a generalpurpose computer selectively activated or configured by a computerprogram stored in the computer. In particular, various general purposemachines may be used with computer programs written in accordance withthe teachings herein, or it may be more convenient to construct a morespecialized apparatus to perform the required operations.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail forpurposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certainchanges and modifications may be practiced within the scope of theappended claims. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to beconsidered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is notto be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified withinthe scope and equivalents of the appended claims.

1. A radio frequency integrated circuit having a substrate, comprising:a first inductor integrated in the substrate, the first inductor havinga plurality of segments, a second inductor integrated in the substrate,the second inductor having a plurality of segments, wherein segments inthe plurality of first inductor segments are alternately disposed withsegments in the plurality of second inductor segments such that a firstinductor segment is adjacent to a second inductor segment, whereincurrents in each of the first inductor segments and second inductorsegments flow in the same direction, and wherein an input of the firstinductor receives a first component of a differential input signal, aninput of the second inductor receives a second component of thedifferential input signal, an output of the first inductor produces afirst component of a differential output signal, and an output of thesecond inductor produces a second component of the differential outputsignal.
 2. The radio frequency integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein asegment in the plurality of first inductor segments and a segment in theplurality of second inductor segments are disposed on different metallayers of the substrate.
 3. The radio frequency integrated circuit ofclaim 1, wherein a center axis of the first inductor is substantiallyaligned with a center axis of the second inductor.
 4. The radiofrequency integrated circuit of claim 3, wherein the center axis of thefirst inductor and the center axis of the second inductor areperpendicular to the surface of the substrate.
 5. The radio frequencyintegrated circuit of claim 4, wherein the center axis of the firstinductor and the center axis of the second inductor are parallel to thesurface of the substrate.
 6. The radio frequency integrated circuit ofclaim 1, wherein the radio frequency integrated circuit is a radiofrequency transceiver.
 7. The radio frequency integrated circuit ofclaim 6, wherein the radio frequency transceiver is a wireless radiofrequency transceiver.
 8. The radio frequency integrated circuit ofclaim 6, wherein the radio frequency transceiver is a wired radiofrequency transceiver.
 9. The radio frequency integrated circuit ofclaim 1, wherein the radio frequency integrated circuit is a radiofrequency receiver.
 10. A radio frequency integrated circuit,comprising: a first inductor partially formed in a first layer of theradio frequency integrated circuit; a second inductor partially formedin the first layer of the radio frequency integrated circuit, whereinthe first inductor is interleaved with the second inductor such that afirst current in the first inductor flows in the same direction as asecond current in the second inductor, and wherein an input of the firstinductor receives a first component of a differential input signal andan input of the second inductor receives a second component of thedifferential input signal and an output of the first inductor produces afirst component of a differential output signal and an output of thesecond inductor produces a second component of the differential outputsignal.
 11. The radio frequency integrated circuit of claim 10, whereina portion of the first inductor is formed in a second layer of the radiofrequency integrated circuit and a portion of the second inductor isformed in a third layer of the radio frequency integrated circuit,wherein the second layer is located beneath the first layer and thethird layer is located beneath the second layer of the radio frequencyintegrated circuit.
 12. The radio frequency integrated circuit of claim10, wherein a center axis of the first inductor is substantially alignedwith a center axis of the second inductor.
 13. The radio frequencyintegrated circuit of claim 12, wherein the center axis of the firstinductor and the center axis of the second inductor are perpendicular tothe surface of the radio frequency integrated circuit.
 14. The radiofrequency integrated circuit of claim 13, wherein the center axis of thefirst inductor and the center axis of the second inductor are parallelto the surface of the radio frequency integrated circuit.
 15. The radiofrequency integrated circuit of claim 10, wherein the radio frequencyintegrated circuit is a radio frequency transceiver.
 16. The radiofrequency integrated circuit of claim 15, wherein the radio frequencytransceiver is a wireless radio frequency transceiver.
 17. The radiofrequency integrated circuit of claim 15, wherein the radio frequencytransceiver is a wired radio frequency transceiver.
 18. The radiofrequency integrated circuit of claim 10, wherein the radio frequencyintegrated circuit is a radio frequency receiver.
 19. A device,comprising: a plurality of inductors integrated in a radio frequencyintegrated circuit, each inductor having a plurality of segments,wherein segments in each plurality of inductor segments from among theplurality of inductors are alternately disposed with segments in theplurality of inductor segments of each of the other inductors from amongthe plurality of inductors, such that each segment of one inductor fromamong the plurality of inductors is adjacent to a segment of anotherinductor from among the plurality of inductors, wherein currents in eachof the segments of each inductor from among the plurality of inductorsflow in the same direction, and wherein an input of one inductor fromamong the plurality of inductors receives a first component of adifferential input signal, an input of another inductor from among theplurality of inductors receives a second component of the differentialinput signal, an output of the one inductor produces a first componentof a differential output signal, and an output of the other inductorproduces a second component of the different output signal.
 20. Thedevice of claim 19, wherein any one from among the plurality ofinductors may be switched off or on to tune an inductance of the radiofrequency integrated circuit.
 21. The device of claim 19, wherein asegment in each plurality of inductor segments from among the pluralityof inductors and a segment in the plurality of inductor segments of eachof the other inductors from among the plurality of inductors aredisposed on different metal layers.
 22. The device of claim 19, whereina center axis of each inductor from among the plurality of inductors issubstantially aligned with a center axis of each of the other inductorsfrom among the plurality of inductors.
 23. The device of claim 19,wherein the device is a radio frequency transceiver.
 24. The device ofclaim 23, wherein the radio frequency transceiver is a wireless radiofrequency transceiver.
 25. The device of claim 23, wherein the radiofrequency transceiver is a wired radio frequency transceiver.
 26. Thedevice of claim 19, wherein the device is a radio frequency receiver.